Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for more than 10 million deaths each year and an even larger number of patients who are diagnosed with this disease and have to undergo various procedures. All of this has happened following the increased number of risk factors that have impacted our lives over the past few decades, such as tobacco use, obesity and different unhealthy diets, alcohol consumption, viral infections, and exposure to certain chemicals or radiation. Our goal as medical practitioners or scientists is to obtain the best outcome for our patients, from prophylactic procedures to a correct diagnosis, specific multimodal treatment, and rigorous follow-up. All of these factors have significantly improved in the last few years because of a better understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms of cancer development, the emergence of new technologies in cancer detection or surgical techniques, and breakthroughs in oncological therapies. However, there remains a huge field to explore, considering the current unknowns and the alert dynamics under which cancer evolves. Oncology is the medical field that requires the mobilization of most medical specialties in order to outline the particular profile of each individual patient and optimize the necessary treatment.

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

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This collection of 25 research papers comprised of 22 original articles and 3 reviews is brought together from international leaders in bioinformatics and biostatistics. The collection highlights recent computational advances that improve the ability to analyze highly complex data sets to identify factors critical to cancer biology. Novel deep learning algorithms represent an emerging and highly valuable approach for collecting, characterizing and predicting clinical outcomes data. The collection highlights several of these approaches that are likely to become the foundation of research and clinical practice in the future. In fact, many of these technologies reveal new insights about basic cancer mechanisms by integrating data sets and structures that were previously immiscible.

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Cavitation-Enhanced Drug Delivery and Immunotherapy is a rapidly evolving area that has been buoyed in recent years by the development of methods harnessing the activity of ultrasound-stimulated bubbles, known as cavitation. When properly controlled, cavitation can help overcome physical barriers to drug delivery whilst providing readily measurable information for timely quantitative feedback and treatment guidance. Microbubble-assisted therapies have demonstrated impressive advancements in clinical trials and pre-clinical areas, including applications in neurology, oncology, cardiology and beyond.

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

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This book provides a comprehensive overview of craniofacial surgery, which is an internationally recognized specialty experiencing tremendous advancements in materials, technology, instrumentation, and treatment methods. This book examines these advancements in detail. Chapters address such topics as regenerative materials in oral surgery, tissue induction in plastic and maxillo-facial surgery, the role of genetics, stem cells, and reconstructive surgery in craniofacial diseases and syndromes, diagnostic and surgical considerations in congenital craniofacial deformities, and assessment of psychological functioning among cleft lip palate patients.

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This is an open access book. With a wealth of exciting data emerging in this rapidly evolving field, this book reviews state-of-the-art knowledge with emphasis on multidisciplinary decision making and management of head and neck cancer. Significant detail is provided on a wide range of topics including: oral potentially malignant disorders, cell-based assays for drug discovery and drug evaluation, the role of precision medicine (genomics and beyond), innovations in systemic therapy (including metronomic chemotherapy and immunotherapy), surgery (including partial laryngeal surgery and quality of reconstruction) and radiotherapy (including FLASH-therapy) in different disease settings taking into account their impact on benefit/risk ratio. In addition, specific topics such as hypoxia, hyperthermia, intratumoral drug administration, noninvasive biomarkers, local therapy in metastatic head and neck cancer, sentinel lymph node biopsy in cN0 early-stage oral cavity cancer, prognostic factors in HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer, molecular characterization of salivary gland cancer (including implications for treatment) and strategies to improve outcome in salivary duct carcinoma are discussed. All disciplines involved in the treatment of head and neck cancer are covered with a focus on translation into daily practice. The 9th-THNO is designed for medical oncologists, head and neck surgeons, radiation oncologists, otolaryngologists, and other medical professionals involved in the treatment and care of patients with head and neck cancer.

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This is an open access book. With a wealth of exciting data emerging in this rapidly evolving field this book will review the state-of-the-art knowledge with emphasis on multidisciplinary decision and management of head and neck cancer. The book provides significant detail on a wide range of topics including: the role of new targets for treatment, immunotherapy, resistance mechanisms, standardizing molecular profiling programs, and new methods to guide therapeutic approaches. In addition different disease situations are addressed including different treatment approaches in primary disease and in recurrent and/or metastatic disease as well as new developments in pathology, surgery and reconstruction techniques, new systemic therapies in salivary gland cancer, and supportive care and follow-up. All disciplines involved in the treatment of head & neck cancer are covered with a focus on translation into daily practice. The 8th-THNO is designed for medical oncologists, head and neck surgeons, radiation oncologists, otolaryngologists, and other medical professionals involved in the treatment of patients with head and neck cancer.

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A large number of diseases affect salivary gland (SG) secretion through different mechanisms, leading to SG dysfunction and associated oral problems. The glands may suffer from viral, bacterial, and, albeit rarely, fungal infections, which may cause painful swelling or obstruction; they could also become the target of an autoimmune attack or may be affected by various benign and malignant tumors which consist of a heterogeneous group of lesions with complex clinical–pathological characteristics. The loss of normal SG function results in widespread deterioration of oral health. This book, entitled “Diseases of Salivary Glands”, provides an overview of recent advances in the field of SG disorders, focusing on the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of SG diseases and on the most innovative investigation techniques that could help to preserve patients’ health, function, and quality of life.

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The year 2021 saw the publication of the Special Issue “"Diseases of the Salivary Glands" (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/jcm/special_issues/Salivary_Glands), Part I, covering recent and novel advancements as well as future trends in the field of research evaluating diagnostic and therapeutic treatment of salivary gland (SGs) diseases. Given the enormous success of Part I, the Special Issue “Diseases of the Salivary Glands” Part II has been launched, with the firm belief that it will enrich the panorama of world research in this field. Topics include: 1) Clinical features and presentation of potentially malignant SG disorders; 2) Risk factors and etiopathogenesis of SGs tumors; 3) Etiopathogenesis and molecular mechanisms involved in the chronic inflammatory condition characterizing Sjӧgren’s syndrome; 4) New discoveries in the field of micro RNAs associated with Sjӧgren’s syndrome; 5) Molecular markers linked to development and progression of SG diseases: current knowledge and future implications; 6) More innovative techniques for the study of the SG diseases: current limitations and future directions.

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With increasing speed, new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for facial nerve disorders are being published. Many of them have improved decision-making, treatment, and the rehabilitation of patients. Unfortunately, there is often a lack of high-quality studies that prove long-term effects or identify subgroups that are of particular benefit. Even a reliable characterization of patients with facial nerve disabilities is often complicated. Therefore, evidence-based management remains challenging. With this Special Issue on the topic of “Evidence-Based Diagnosis and Management of Facial Nerve Disorders”, we have brought together experts from various fields, including speech pathology, plastic surgery, otolaryngology, neurology, and physical therapy, to present the latest developments in relation to facial nerve disorders and to present a great variety of topics to our readership. We can see that the topic of facial nerve palsy offers a vast and dynamic spectrum of developments, and hope that the research presented in this Special Issue shows the importance of a multidisciplinary approach. We hope it will not only enhance our knowledge of this condition, but also ultimately improve patient outcomes and their quality of life to some extent.

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Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections cause approximately 5% of all human cancers. While there are efficacious prophylactic vaccines that prevent infections with the most common cancer-associated HPVs, these vaccines are not widely available in low-resource settings and in many countries, including the US, HPV vaccination rates have remained disappointingly low. Moreover, vaccination does not modify existing HPV infections and the incidence of HPV-associated anal and oropharyngeal cancers has steadily increased and is projected to overtake the caseload of cervical cancer in the next two years. Hence, infections with cancer-associated HPVs will remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality, worldwide. This book provides state-of-the-art summaries and expert viewpoints on unresolved, controversial or emerging topics related to the natural history, evolution, biology, and disease association of papillomavirus infection. The individual chapters cover a wide range of thought provoking topics.

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There are various malignant tumors in the head and neck area, including oral cavity, pharynx, sinonasal cavity, and salivary glands. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common cancer among head and neck cancers. In salivary glands, there are many types of malignancies that can develop, such as malignant lymphoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and mesenchymal tumors. In a clinical setting, imaging, such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is very important in terms of the prediction of the histological type and the evaluation of the extent of invasion of adjacent structures. In basic research, there are few animal models in head and neck malignancies. In this Special Issue, we broadly discuss the basic and clinical research in head and neck malignancies.

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This Open Access book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the First MICCAI Challenge, HNTSMRG 2024, Held in Conjunction with MICCAI 2024, in Marrakesh, Morocco, on October 17, 2024. The 20 full papers and 1 overview paper included in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 21 submissions. The HNTS-MRG 2024 Challenge focuses on advancing clinical workflows by leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) for automated segmentation of tumor regions in multi-timepoint MRI scans.

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In the study of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), we know that virally induced malignancies behave differently than those generated through other carcinogenic mechanisms. This paradigm extends into differences in tumor growth, treatment response and resistance, as well as invasion and metastasis. The inability to correctly diagnose and appropriately treat HNSCC at early stages has contributed to reduced survival for HNSCC patients, particularly those with HPV-negative disease. The examination of the molecular differences between HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC will provide support for early diagnostic markers and guide appropriate treatment selection to improve patient care and survival.This Special Issue highlights current research efforts to understand the evolving contribution of human papillomavirus in HNSCC.

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Medical practice is a mixture of science and art, technique and humanism. The importance of human beings is more obvious in medicine than in any other field. At the center of medical care is the patient, and at its base and that of the entire medical system is the relationship that is established between the patient and the medical staff. Overspecialization is a big component of modern medicine, with professionals working in increasingly narrow fields, which makes patients routinely treated by multidisciplinary teams. This draws attention to the importance of appropriate relationships between members of the medical team for the success of the therapeutic approach. In the context of technological progress in medicine, the need to relate to the humanistic values of the medical profession and the complexity of the medical act in which technical aspects are intertwined with cultural, ethical, legal, psychological, and sociological issues becomes increasingly clear. This Special Issue is dedicated to the humanistic values of medical practice. It includes articles that approach various aspects of the so-called humanistic medicine, drawing a picture of what contemporary medicine should strive for.

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The COVID-19 pandemic is considered to be a global public health emergency. Due to its route of transmission via contact with droplets and aerosols, dentists are at high risk of acquiring an infection while treating patients. The impact of the coronavirus on the dental community is eminent, and the greatest challenge is how we can offer dental treatment despite the outbreak. Dental education programs in both under- and postgraduate forms will also suffer from the ramifications of the pandemic. This topical collection offers many perspectives on the management of the COVID-19 crisis within the dental community.

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Tackling inequalities in health and healthcare is more important than ever. The COVID-19 pandemic starkly illustrated the disproportional impact of the virus on those who already faced disadvantage and discrimination. Moreover, there is evidence that the public health measures taken to contain the virus are likely to have longstanding differential impacts across populations. Numerous studies have documented avoidable differences in health, within and between populations. Similarly, studies have consistently shown inequalities in access, use, experience and outcomes from healthcare and public health programmes. The focus has often been on individual determinants, such as gender, age and ethnicity. Less attention has been paid to structural or contextual determinants, except for area-level socioeconomic conditions. In addition, to tackle inequalities, there is a need to move beyond measuring; to understand why inequalities arise and how they can be addressed. This Special Issue sought to extend the parameters of inequalities research in health and healthcare beyond measuring and documenting inequalities. Reviews, observational studies, and quasi-experimental and other evaluation designs (using quantitative, qualitative or mixed methods), focusing on the following were welcomed: • understanding inequalities across health and care systems; • methodological developments to understand drivers of inequalities; • efforts to reduce inequalities, particularly in evidence-based healthcare or public health policy and practice; • understanding and mitigating the adverse impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on inequalities.

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

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The mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a serine/threonine kinase, is a central regulator for human physiological activity. Deregulated mTOR signaling is implicated in a variety of disorders, such as cancer, obesity, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. The papers published in this Special Issue summarize the current understanding of the mTOR pathway and its role in the regulation of tissue regeneration, regulatory T cell differentiation and function, and different types of cancer including hematologic malignancies, skin, prostate, breast, and head and neck cancer. The findings highlight that targeting mTOR pathway is a promising strategy to fight against certain human diseases.

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The growing improvement of medical sciences in the diagnosis and treatment of head and neck oncological diseases has produced a significant increase in the life expectancy of affected patients. it is therefore necessary to direct new energies towards understanding and protecting the quality of life of cancer patients. This reprint presents the fruit of the research protocols of numerous groups around the world on the topics of life expectancy and quality of life of patients suffering from head and neck cancer.

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Biomarkers are of critical medical importance for oncologists, allowing them to predict and detect disease and to determine the best course of action for cancer patient care. Prognostic markers are used to evaluate a patient’s outcome and cancer recurrence probability after initial interventions such as surgery or drug treatments and, hence, to select follow-up and further treatment strategies. On the other hand, predictive markers are increasingly being used to evaluate the probability of benefit from clinical intervention(s), driving personalized medicine. Evolving technologies and the increasing availability of “multiomics” data are leading to the selection of numerous potential biomarkers, based on DNA, RNA, miRNA, protein, and metabolic alterations within cancer cells or tumor microenvironment, that may be combined with clinical and pathological data to greatly improve the prediction of both cancer progression and therapeutic treatment responses. However, in recent years, few biomarkers have progressed from discovery to become validated tools to be used in clinical practice. This Special Issue comprises eight review articles and five original studies on novel potential prognostic and predictive markers for different cancer types.

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In this Special Issue, we have published papers on the health-promoting effects of nutraceuticals from different sources, and their effects in different pathologies. Extracts from plants have been analyzed, for example, extracts from olive leaves, Mikania micrantha, the devil’s claw, raspberries and others, alongside marine phytoplankton, egg-yolk and marketed dietary supplements. The effects of these extracts and dietary supplements have been studied in diseases associated with obesity, and in diseases where inflammation pathways are involved. The effectiveness of resveratrol and curcumin to support the anticancer activity of cisplatin has also been reported, as well as the ability of devil’s claw root extract to stimulate the CB2 receptors in synoviocytes in osteoarthritis patients. The anti-oxidant effect of marine phytoplankton has been studied on muscle damage, both in humans and in an animal model, and the effects of the metabolite of antocianin were analyzed in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Finally, reviews on the use of lactoferrin, ω3 and ω6 and abscisic acid have been reported, in addition to the crosstalk between prostate cancer and microbiota inflammation. Although it is not yet possible to draw definitive conclusions on the use of nutraceuticals, several mechanisms of action for many of them have been further clarified.

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Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The World Cancer Research Fund determined that the diet and nutrition conditions of the individuals are modifiable risk factors in the development of several cancers and a predominant component in the recovery and effectiveness of the treatments. Nutritional intervention is critical, but nutritional support is not widely accessible to all individuals, leading to potential nutritional risk and nutrition wasting. A multidisciplinary approach with targeted nutrition is vital to improve the quality of care in oncology. Cachexia management remains a challenge in clinical practice and malnutrition is accepted as a significant negative predictive and prognostic factor in all cancer patients. The importance of metabolic interactions within the tumours are crucial and the mechanisms by which dietary factors might increase or decrease therapeutic intervention are key factors to unravel the nutrition influences in cellular and molecular processes in cancer.

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We present our reprint dedicated to the study of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, OSCC remains a challenge for scientists and clinicians worldwide. This compilation of articles addresses novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of OSCC. Articles cover topics such as the combined use of pathway inhibitors in cancer control, the role of genes and microRNAs, the interaction between smoking and HPV infection, and potential biomarkers for diagnosis and therapy. These publications provide insights into the latest research and inspire further innovation.

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This book will cover topics related to the preparation and use of heterogeneous catalytic systems for the transformation of renewable sources, as well as of materials deriving from agro-industrial wastes and by-products. At the same time, the ever-increasing importance of bioproducts, due to the acceptance and request of consumers, makes the upgrade of biomass into chemicals and materials not only an environmental issue, but also an economical advantage.

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Personalised medicine is the next step in healthcare, especially when applied to genetically diverse diseases such as cancers. Naturally, a host of methods need to evolve alongside this, in order to allow the practice and implementation of individual treatment regimens. One of the major tasks for the development of personalised treatment of cancer is the identification and validation of a comprehensive, robust, and reliable panel of biomarkers that guide the clinicians to provide the best treatment to patients. This is indeed important with regards to radiotherapy; not only do biomarkers allow for the assessment of treatability, tumour response, and the radiosensitivity of healthy tissue of the treated patient. Furthermore, biomarkers should allow for the evaluation of the risks of developing adverse late effects as a result of radiotherapy such as second cancers and non-cancer effects, for example cardiovascular injury and cataract formation. Knowledge of all of these factors would allow for the development of a tailored radiation therapy regime. This Special Issue of the Journal of Personalised Medicine covers the topic of Radiation Response Biomarkers in the context of individualised cancer treatments, and offers an insight into some of the further evolution of radiation response biomarkers, their usefulness in guiding clinicians, and their application in radiation therapy.

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The issue of Cancers Journal entitled “Role of Medical Imaging in Cancers” presents a detailed summary of evidences about molecular imaging, including the role of computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single photon emission tomography (SPET) and positron emission tomography (PET) or PET/CT or PET/MR imaging in many type of tumors (i.e. sarcoma, prostate, breast and others), motivating the role of these imaging modalities in different setting of disease and showing the recent developments, in terms of radiopharmaceuticals, software and artificial intelligence in this field. The collection of articles is very useful for many specialists, because it has been conceived for a multidisciplinary point of view, in order to drive to a personalized medicine.

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